Data Structures Definition and Classification, DSA notes, Data Structure, Algorithms,

 Data Structure & Algorithms 

Data Structures - Definition and Classification

Definition:

* Data Structures is the concept of set of algorithms used to structure the information. 

* These algorithms are implemented using C, C++, Java, etc 

* Structure the information means store and process data in an efficient manner. 

To store and process data we may use the following operations: 

1.create() 

2.sorting() 

\3.insert()  

4.merging() 

5.delete()  

6.splitting() 

7.display() 

8.traversal() 

9.searching() 

Squid Proxy Server

 Squid Proxy server on centOS 7

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the  award of the Degree of

 BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 

Submitted By

Sanjay Meena (Roll no. 677998)

Enrollment no. : 20/108177

Session : 2022-23

&

Piyush Sharma (roll no.677988)

Enrollment no. : 20/108165

Session : 2022-23

 

 

PARISHKAR COLLEGE OF GLOBAL EXCELLENCE JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled Squid Server(Proxy Server) on centOS 7 is the work of Mr. Sanjay Meena and Mr. Piyush Sharma who carried out the research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

(Name of the project guide- Institutional)                     Parishkar College of Global Excellence(Rajasthan University) 

(Certificate to be countersigned by the HOD.)

-MR. MITESH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful Parishkar College of Global Excellence for providing me a platform for the project. This project was a quite a learning experience for me at each & every step. At the same time, it has given me confidence to work in professional setup. I express my sincere thanks to MR. MITESH, for his active support & continuous guidance without which.

It would have been difficult for me to complete this project. I will also like to the other working staff & interns at for taking keen interest in my project & giving valuable suggestions & helping me directly or indirectly to complete this project.

Sanjay Meena (Roll no. 677998)

Piyush Sharma (Roll no. 677988)

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present project entitled Squid Server (Proxy Server) on centOS 7 is a record of work done by me and my team, PARISHKAR COLLEGE OF GLOBAL EXCELLENCE. The reports are based on the project work done entirely by us and not copied from any other source. 

 

(Signature Sanjay Meena) 

Roll no. 677998 

 

 

(Signature Piyush Sharma) 

Roll no. 677988

Step1: Minimal Installation of CentOS 7

This section describes the simple procedure to install CentOS after you have created and booted from an installation USB drive.

Prerequisites: Create an installation USB drive and boot it.

After booting the installation USB drive:

1. Select Install CentOS in the boot menu and press Enter.

 

2. After Anaconda, the CentOS installer, started, select your language and region, and click Continue.

  

3. The Installation Summary is the central screen to set configuration options:

You can display and modify the individual options in any order. If a configuration option was automatically configured correctly, no further action is required. However, if items are marked with an exclamation point icon, you must complete the configuration for these items before you can begin the installation.

Nothing will be written to the disk until you click the Begin Installation button.

4. Select Date & Time:

⦁ Set your region and the nearest city in your time zone

⦁ Click Done to return to the Installation Summary.

     

5. Select Keyboard Layout:

a. Use the + and - buttons to add and remove keyboard layouts.

b. If you enable multiple keyboard layouts, move your preferred layout to the top of the list using the ↑ button to set it as default.

c. Click Done to return to the Installation Summary.

            

6. Select Installation Destination:

⦁ Select the target disk. A check mark is displayed next to the selected target.

The selected disk is partitioned automatically.

⦁ Click Done to return to the Installation Summary.

                      

7. Select Network and Hostname:

⦁ Click the Ethernet sliding switch in the top right corner to enable the network configuration.

⦁ Optional, select the device and click Configure to update the network                                  . interface configuration.

⦁ Click Done to return to the Installation Summary.

                  

NOTE: Anaconda applies the network settings immediately. They are used during the           setup and after the installation.

8. On the Installation Summary screen, click Begin Installation.

    

9. The installation starts and the Configuration screen displayed:

    

 During the installation:

a. Select Root Password:

       Enter the password for the root user and confirm it.

      Click Done to return to the Configuration screen.

b. Select User Creation:

⦁ Enter the user’s full name.

⦁ Optionally, update the automatically generated user name.

⦁ Set the password and confirm it.

⦁ Optionally, check the Make this user administrator check box. This will add the user to the wheel group and allow this account to use sudo without any further configuration.

⦁ Click Done to return to the Configuration screen.

    c. Wait until the installation completes and click Reboot.

10. After the installed system has been started.

Set Hostname:

     hostnamectl set-hostname adserver.example.com

     Set iptables & SElinux disable:

               setenforce 0

     Set ipaddress (192.168.1.151)

Our Windows Domain is example.com and it is pointing to 192.168.1.151 and the hostname is adserver.example.com . We are using Windows Server 2022 in this domain.

 

Step2: Integrate RHEL 7 or CentOS 7 with Windows Active Directory

In Most of the Organizations users and groups are created and managed on Windows Active Directory.  We can integrate our RHEL 7 and CentOS 7 servers with AD(Active Directory) for authenticate purpose. 

Step:1 Install the required packages using yum command

Use the yum command to install following packages from the command line.

[root@servera ~]# yum install sssd realmd oddjob oddjob-mkhomedir adcli samba-common samba-common-tools krb5-workstation openldap-clients policycoreutils-python

Update the /etc/hosts file and /etc/resolv.conf so that dns name or hostname of AD server gets resolved correctly. In my case AD server hostname is “adserver.example.com“, so place the below line in /etc/hosts file

192.168.0.151    adserver.example.com  adserver

Contents of resolv.conf should be something like below. Just replace the domain name and ip address of dns server as per your setup

[root@servera ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

search example.com

nameserver 192.168.0.151

[root@servera ~]#

Step:2 Now Join Windows Domain or Integrate with AD using realm command

When we install above required packages then realm command will be available. We will use beneath realm command to integrate CentOS 7 or RHEL 7 with AD via the user “administrator”. Administrator  is a bind user which have required privileges on AD .

[root@servera ~]# realm join --user=administrator adserver.example.com

Password for administrator:

[root@servera ~]#

Now verify whether our server has joined the Windows domain or not. Simply run the command ‘realm list‘

[root@servera ~]# realm list

example.com

  type: kerberos

  realm-name: EXAMPLE.COM

  domain-name: example.com

  configured: kerberos-member

  server-software: active-directory

  client-software: sssd

  required-package: oddjob

  required-package: oddjob-mkhomedir

  required-package: sssd

  required-package: adcli

  required-package: samba-common-tools

  login-formats: %U@example.com

  login-policy: allow-realm-logins

[root@servera ~]#

Whenever we run ‘realm join’ command it will automatically configure ‘/etc/sssd/sssd.conf‘ file.

Step:3 Check and Verify  AD users on REHL 7 or CentOS 7 Servers

We have created a user in windows server with name of “linuxtechi”

With ‘id‘ command on Linux we can verify the user’s uid and gid and their group information. At this point of time our server is now the part of windows domain. Use below command to verify AD users details.

[root@servera ~]# id linuxtechi@example.com

uid=1997801106(linuxtechi@example.com) gid=1997800513(domain users@example.com) groups=1997800513(domain users@example.com)

[root@servera ~]#

We might have noticed in above command that i have mentioned domain name as well along with user name because this is controlled by ‘/etc/sssd/sssd.conf’ file. If we execute id command without domain name then we will not get any details for user.

[root@servera ~]# id linuxtechi

id: linuxtechi: no such user

[root@servera ~]#

We can change this behavior by editing the file /etc/sssd/sssd.conf.

Change the following parameters from

use_fully_qualified_names = True

fallback_homedir = /home/%u@%d

to

use_fully_qualified_names = False

fallback_homedir = /home/%u

Restart the sssd service using following systemctl command

[root@servera ~]# systemctl restart sssd

[root@servera ~]# systemctl daemon-reload

Now run the id command and see whether you are able get AD user details without mentioning domain name

[root@servera ~]# id linuxtechi

uid=1997801106(linuxtechi) gid=1997800513(domain users) groups=1997800513(domain users)

[root@servera ~]#

Let’s try ssh CentOS 7 or RHEL 7 Server with AD credentials

[root@lnxdesktop ~]# ssh linuxtechi@192.168.0.20

linuxtechi@192.168.0.20's password:

Last login: Fri Mar  3 10:18:41 2017 from serverb.example.com

[linuxtechi@servera ~]$ id

uid=1997801106(linuxtechi) gid=1997800513(domain users) groups=1997800513(domain users)

[linuxtechi@servera ~]$ pwd

/home/linuxtechi

[linuxtechi@servera ~]$

Squid Proxy  Server

Little introduction about the proxy of the article:

“Squid is a caching proxy for the Web supporting HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more. It reduces bandwidth and improves response times by caching and reusing frequently-requested web pages. Squid has extensive access controls and makes a great server accelerator. It runs on most available operating systems, including Windows, and is licensed under the GNU GPL.”

Install Proxy Server: Squid Proxy

Step 1: Update the server

yum -y update

Step 2: Install squid

yum -y install squid

Step 3: Start and enable squid server

systemctl start squid

systemctl enable squid

Step 4: Check the status of squid server

systemctl status squid

Configure Proxy Server: Squid Proxy

The configurations for your Squid server are stored in the /etc/squid/squid.conf file

Configure your Network To Route through your Proxy to the access Internet

You have to add the IP or the IP ranges which will be making contact with your Proxy Server and then the Proxy server will act as a gateway for only those IP(s)

You have to add the IP or the IP ranges which will be making contact with your Proxy Server and then the Proxy server will act as a gateway for only those IP(s)

You can add a source IP range with an ACL using the following format.

acl localnet src <192.168.1.151>

Edit the configuration file /etc/squid/squid.conf. Add the source IP(s) as shown below.

 

Restart the proxy server after making the ACL changes.

systemctl restart squid

Test proxy Server Connectivity

Test if the proxy server is working using a simple curl request. Use the following curl format. By default, squid proxy runs on 3128 port.

curl -x http://<squid-proxy-server-IP>:3128  -L http://virtono.com

 

Now we have to configure SQUID for AD Users

⦁ Configuring Squid LDAP Authentication

⦁ The first step is to configure Squid to authenticate usernames/passwords with the Active Directory. You will need to open your Squid configuration file (squid.conf) and make the following changes:

Find the auth param section of the config file (TAG: auth_param), and change the auth param basic program line to look like this. (Indented text indicates one line)

auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ldap_auth -R

-b “dc=vm-domain,dc=example,dc=com”

-D “cn=Administrator,cn=Users,dc=your,dc=example,dc=com”

-w “password” -f sAMAccountName=%s -h 192.168.1.151

auth_param basic children 5

auth_param basic realm example.com

   auth_param basic credentialsttl 5 minutes

⦁ Now we have to configure group based internet access

Once the user has authenticated, you can define which users have access to network resources (i.e. the internet) using Squid access control lists (ACLs). Squid ACLs are a complex topic and allow very sophisticated control.

external_acl_type InetGroup %LOGIN /usr/lib/squid/squid_ldap_group -R 

       -b “dc=vm-domain,dc=example,dc=com” 

       -D “cn=Administrator,cn=Users,dc=your,dc=example,dc=com”

       -w “password” 

       -f “(&(objectclass=person)(sAMAccountName=%v)(memberof=cn=%a,cn=users,dc=your,dc=example,dc=com))” 

       -h 192.168.1.151

⦁ Then enter the values below in the ACL area (Tag: acl) of squid.conf, modifying your internal subnet as appropriate.

acl localnet proxy_auth REQUIRED src 192.168.1.0/24

   acl InetAccess external InetGroup InternetAccessGroup

⦁ Now we have completed the ACL you can reference them in the http_access area of Squid.conf:

  http_access allow InetAccess

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now our SQUID Server is ready to provide internet for AD users. We can set a group policy in Windows Server to take all the setting automatically on client machine.

Introduction of Yourself

 Self Introduction for Students

Self-introduction for students means introducing oneself in front of others and describing themselves in a more justified manner. An impactful self-introduction for a student includes all the essential details of students to be more impactful and create an everlasting impression. It means to highlight all the unique attributes about himself/herself at a point where they are asked. It would be best if they are confident enough while introducing themselves to others. Listeners must be engaged in their words and their life attributes.

Self-Introduction for a student must include the following - 

Start with a smile on face and greet the audience or a particular person

Give details about Name, Place after greeting the audience

If necessary, only add family details too in the introduction

Speak about educational details briefly

Share area of interests

Share the prior experience, if any, to the audience

Share ideas and inspiration

One should speak about the person who inspires them.

Talk about hobbies, area of interest to the audience

Share recreational activities

Give details about the skills 

Share past experiences

And in the end, say thanks to the person listening

Self Introduction Points for a Student

Below is the list of self-introduction points for a student to make an excellent first impression -

Remember always to wish- By wishing good morning or good evening, a person initiates a conversation and grabbing the listeners' attention. It would be best if a person looked confident while starting a conversation.

Have a purpose- It is essential to have a sense of understanding the motive behind conversation better. Try to make the conversation impactful to make the conversation engaging.

Provide name- Start by telling the name in a much louder voice to make them remember the following words spoken by a particular person.

Profession- Tell about the career, work experience, or anything related to work. It is okay to exclude this in self-introduction for students. If there are any internships or part-time jobs, feel free to speak about those. 

Location- Tell about the background, area of residence. One may include a native place and tell about the place's specialty as it would help them remember the place.

Hobbies- One may tell them about hobbies, areas of interests, and activities one gets involved in. This can help to know about nature and lifestyle. 

Aims- Speak about the objective of life, its introduction, and give a detailed description 

Discuss Achievements- Include one's achievements in the introduction. Speak about what one has achieved till now. At least give 3-5 descriptive achievements in the introduction to make it look impactful.

Favourite or ideal persons- Include one's perfect person in the introduction. Speak about the reason why they motivate. 

Favourite things, colour, movies- If the introduction is casual, one may tell their favourite movie and other favourite things like places, colours, etc.

Strengths and Weaknesses- Include strengths and weaknesses in a self-introduction. Make sure not to include any flaws and give a detailed description of the strengths possed.

Discuss likes and dislikes- One may include their preferences and dislikes in the introduction. 

Any life-changing point- Include any life-changing moment if students have any to make the listeners engage in their talk.

Differentiation: In one's introduction, a student should speak about their uniqueness and what makes them stand out. This is an essential aspect of self-introducing as a student. 

Conclusion- In conclusion, offer an unforgettable answer to the question the spectators possibly will have when they listen to a public speech: what's in it for me? Describe how various aspects of life moulded personality. It will be the perfect ending of one's introduction speech.

Greeting- Say Thank you and exit.

Importance of Good Self Introduction

A good self-introduction for a student is an essential element at any point as it does half of the work. It creates an everlasting impression, and people might get an urge to listen to or talk to the person introducing themselves. It builds confidence and enhances one's ability to meet new people. If a person presents himself/herself well and makes the atmosphere contended, people might feel more comfortable having a conversation. It makes a good impression on others. Knowing how to introduce ourselves helps “break the ice” when meeting new people in any place or situation.

Only an individual can know who they are, and it is essential to convey the same to let others know about themselves. A detailed and in-depth understanding will help in behaving and acting to what one desires to achieve. One might govern our actions and attitude to achieve a purpose. By knowing ourselves, one might be able to build enough confidence to face the world in any situation. One can work solely in producing a masterpiece and develop a positive approach towards life.

Advantages of Self Introduction

Self-introduction for a student helps in building a persona and creates an impact on the people one is addressing. 

Below is the list of advantages of self-introduction - 

Helps build connections

Enhances self-confidence

Sharpens presentation skills

Builds a favourable impression

Enhances the ability to meet people

Deep understanding 

Positive thinking

Generated motivation

Enhances communication skills

One might be able to please with their style of talking

One could learn and improve in self-introduction

Samples of Self Introduction for Students

Self Introduction is essential to have clear communication. Students should be able to communicate freely and make an effort to address the audience smartly.

Below are a few samples of self-introduction for students - 

Sample 1

Good morning Sir/Ma’am

I am Matthew, born, and brought up in Bandra. Thank you for allowing me to introduce myself. I scored 77% with my school at Little Flowers Montessori English Medium High School. I gave my plus 12% to SSWN junior college at 77.7%, and now I’m following my final year at Xavier Institute of Technology and Science, Bandra.

My strength is my attitude where I like to take up challenges and my thinking to accept both success and failure in a balanced way to move forward. I do not like to say weaknesses, but I want to say that I do not leave any questions altogether, I believe in myself, the work I do, and I want fulfilment in everything.

My short-term goal is to find a platform where I can inflate my career and grow with the organization. My long-term goal is to be the cause of the organization’s success. My philosophy is “I always love to take challenges for my progress and steady growth”.

That’s all about me, sir. Thank you for giving such great aptitude

Sample 2 

Good morning Ma'am/Sir

It’s my pleasure to talk and introduce myself. Well, I was born in Himachal and grew up in Anandpur. I did my schooling at Little Flower Montessori English Medium High School, then I started my plan 12 from Gangotri College, and now I am following my last year in B Tech from CBT.

My strength is my attitude that I am always ready to take up the challenges and strive for excellence. My thinking suggests that accepting both success and failures can only lead one to reach our goal. I do not like to say weaknesses, but I want to say that I will not leave any question altogether, I believe in myself and my hard work, and I want fulfilment in everything.

My short-term goal is to achieve excellence in the skills I master in some good organization and climb on the ladder of success. My long-term goal is to be a renowned technical engineer in a company and make the company reach the highest level of success. My moral is “I never intend to do any harm to others”.

That’s all about me, sir. Thank you for allowing me to present myself.
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Communication Skills

Communication 

Communication  is the act of developing meaning among entities or groups through the use of sufficiently mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic conventions.

The main steps inherent to all communication are:

The formation of communicative motivation or reason.

Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to express).

Message encoding (for example, into digital data, written text, speech, pictures, gestures and so on).

Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium.

Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers.

Reception of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a sequence of received signals.

Decoding of the reassembled encoded message.

Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.

Verbal communication

v Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the large numbers of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.

 

v As previously mentioned, language can be characterized as symbolic. Charles Ogden and I.A Richards developed The Triangle of Meaning model to explain the symbol (the relationship between a word), the referent (the thing it describes), and the meaning (the thought associated with the word and the thing).

 

v The properties of language are governed by rules. Language follows phonological rules (sounds that appear in a language), syntactic rules (arrangement of words and punctuation in a sentence), semantic rules (the agreed upon meaning of words), and pragmatic rules .

 

v The meanings that are attached to words can be literal, or otherwise known as denotative; relating to the topic being discussed, or, the meanings take context and relationships into account, otherwise known as connotative; relating to the feelings, history, and power dynamics of the communicators.

 

v Contrary to popular belief, signed languages of the world (e.g., American Sign Language) are considered to be verbal communication because their sign vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic structures abide by all the necessary classifications as spoken languages. There are however, nonverbal elements to signed languages, such as the speed, intensity, and size of signs that are made. A signer might sign "yes" in response to a question, or they might sign a sarcastic-large slow yes to convey a different nonverbal meaning. The sign yes is the verbal message while the other movements add nonverbal meaning to the message.

 Non-verbal communication

v Nonverbal communication explains the processes of conveying a type of information in a form of non-linguistic representations.

v Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chromic communication, gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact etc. Nonverbal communication also relates to the intent of a message.

v Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, the spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

 

v Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Paul Watzlawick's laws: You cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received .Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and illustrate, to reinforce and emphasize, to replace and substitute, to control and regulate, and to contradict the denotative message.

v Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others' communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. However, non-verbal communication is ambiguous. When verbal messages contradict non-verbal messages, observation of non-verbal behavior is relied on to judge another's attitudes and feelings, rather than assuming the truth of the verbal message alone.

             

v There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a vital role in communication:

v "Non-verbal communication is omnipresent." They are included in every single communication act. To have total communication, all non-verbal channels such as the body, face, voice, appearance, touch, distance, timing, and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes. E-mails, web chats, and the social media have options to change text font colors, stationary, add emoticons, capitalization, and pictures in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium.

 

v "Non-verbal behaviors are multifunctional." Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the same time in communication acts and allow the chance for simultaneous messages to be sent and received.

 

v "Non-verbal behavior's may form a universal language system." Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing, and glaring are non-verbal behavior's that are used and understood by people regardless of nationality. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers.

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Communication Skills

 Communication

Skills 

The ability to do something well, especially because of training , practice etc.

 

A skill is the learned ability to perform an action with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used.

 

People need a broad range of skills to contribute to the modern economy. A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of  Labour study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it. Three broad categories of skills are suggested and these are technical, human, and conceptual .The first two can be substituted with hard and soft skills, respectively.

Types of Skills

Ø Hard skills

ØLabour skills 

Life skills

Ø People skills

Ø Social skills 

Ø Soft skills

Ø 

Merry Christmas 2018: Christmas Images Pictures, Merry Christmas 2018 Wishes Quotes Greetings Funny Memes & Clipart

 Wish you A MERRY CHRISTMAS & HAPPY NEW YEAR 2019

Christmas is mostly celebrated by the Christians but still, every different culture has their own way of celebrating Christmas Day bcos it’s also celebrated by non-Christian peoples. There are different traditions followed in different countries since the start of Christmas first celebration. Nowadays, when we are in the 21st century, people do lot’s of different, unique and creative things on Christmas Eve. Singing Christmas carols and songs is yet another favourite thing for people.

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Christmas is a time of good tidings so why not give good tidings to everyone in a different way say an images way. Christmas is a festival of light and joy. Share beautiful hd Christmas images with family and friends on social networking sites. We will provide you the best hd images of Christmas. So ahead and this Christmas and new year season download these beautiful Christmas hd images and share your hearts out the glory and grace of Christmas. Some people think it boring to send wishes, messages & quotes and instead they like to share attractive images so share these amazing and wonderful images with friends.

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Merry Christmas Quotes 2019

 “I’m wishing you blessings and joy this Christmas. I am so happy to call you a member of my family and I cherish spending time with you. “Christmas waves a magic wand over this world, and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful. “Christmas is a time when you get homesick — even when you’re home. “Christmas is the gentlest, loveliest festival of the revolving year — and yet, for all that, when it speaks, its voice has strong authority. “I’m sending you warm bear hugs, loving kisses and earnest wishes for the wonderful occasion of Christmas. May you have a splendid Christmas filled with lights, songs and cheer. Merry Christmas and A Happy New Year to you. “The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: the presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other. “A wish for peace and happiness at Christmas and throughout the New Year. “Best wishes for a happy new year filled with health, happiness, and spectacular success.

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Best Merry Christmas Messages For Friends “From home to home and heart to heart, From one place to another, The warmth and joy of Christmas, Brings us closer to each other. “Best friends are the apple pie of desserts. They already beat out all the competition. Merry Christmas “I am dreaming of white Christmas, with every Christmas card I write, May your days be Merry and bright, and May all your Christmases be white. Merry Christmas. “To my best friend: nothing could ever undersell my enthusiasm for you, not even Christmas itself. Have a merry one. “Have yourself a Merry little Christmas, Let your heart be light. “Good news from heaven the angels bring; Glad tidings to the earth they sing; To us this day a child is given; To crown us with the joy of heaven. “Forgive? Forget? What? It’s Christmas time so, whatever it was, forget about it. Merry Christmas! “Have an ideal Christmas; an occasion that is celebrated as a reflection of your values, desires, affections, traditions.

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Christmas wishes & Quotes for kids

 “Little kids make Christmas fun. I wonder if could rent one for the holidays. When I was tiny we would by a real tree and stay up late drinking hot chocolate and finding just the right place for the special decorations. It seems like my parents gave up the magic when I figured out the Santa lie. Maybe I should not have told them I knew where the presents really came from. It broke their hearts. “I once bought my kids A set of batteries for Christmas with a note on it saying, toys not included. “I love giving gifts & I love receiving them, I really like giving little kids extravagant gifts, You see their little faces light up and they get excited If it is a really good gift, I love receiving it, like jewels, small islands. “Let us hope the kids are stupid enough to believe Santa bought them this years budget conscious, crappy gifts. Merry Christmas. “Christmas is the time when kids tell Santa what they want and adults pay for it. Deficits are when adults tell government what they want and their kids pay for it. “Like kids who only ever get socks for Christmas, but still believe with all their hearts in Santa. “This year, I am going to buy all of my Christmas gifts from Nike “Made for kids by kids.

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Christmas brings family and friends together. It helps us appreciate the love in our lives we often take for granted. May the true meaning of the holiday season fill your heart and home with many blessings. “I love the Christmas tide, and yet; I notice this, each year I live; I always like the gifts I get; But how I love the gifts I give! “Peace, goodwill and happiness for you at Christmas and always. “I will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. “We wish you a very Happy Holiday season and a peaceful and prosperous New Year. “Hope your Christmas is an ideal measure of fun and laughter! “Happy Holidays. Wishing you every happiness this holiday season and through out the coming year. “Merry Christmas and Best Wishes for a Happy New Year

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Merry Christmas Wishes 2019

Take time during the rush of the holidays to enjoy the things in life that really matter. Take time to take in the quite moments spent with friends and loved ones. And may the wonder of Christmas surround you throughout the season. “Don’t worry about the fact that Christmas is almost here; I’m still counting my blessings, like you, from last year. Merry Christmas. “May this Christmas bring more happy memories and joy to you and your family. I can’t wait to share the day with you and our loved ones. “Give and receive love this holiday season and you will surely have a joyous Xmas. Best wishes to your family this season and always. May Christmas spread cheer in your lives! “Joy and love are all around us during the holidays and I want to spread them to you, my friend. Merry Christmas! “Wishing you peace, joy, and all the best the holiday has to offer. May this incredible time of giving and spending time with family bring you joy that lasts throughout the year. “During this season of giving, let us take time to slow down and enjoy the simple things. May this wonderful time of the year touch your heart in a special way. Wishing you much happiness today and throughout the New Year.

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People exchange Christmas card and Merry Christmas Wishes Greetings 2018 as well they do fasting for the peace. Many Churches held special Christmas Prayers on the eve of Christmas. Easter, Christmas, Thanksgiving, and new year are few of the highly celebrated events in the USA.

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SPECIAL MERRY CHRISTMAS WISHES 2019

“Ònè X’mas Tréè!,

Óné Lakh Càndlès!,

Ònè Cròre Bàlòòns!,

Ónè Milliòn Stàrs!,

Óné Billiòn Wishès!&,

Òne Heàrty Prayer!,

Hàppy X-màs.”

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Best friends are the apple pie of desserts.

They already beat out all the competition.

Merry Christmas my best friend.

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Merry Christmas Wishes 2019

A Christmas candle is a lovely thing; It makes no noise at all but softly gives itself away; while quite unselfish, it grows small.

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“I wrapped my Christmas presents early this year, but I used the wrong paper. See, the paper I used said ‘Happy Birthday’ on it I didn’t want to waste it so I just wrote ‘Jesus’ on it.” – Demetri Martin”

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Merry Christmas Wishes 2019

Christmas waves a magic wand over this world, and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful.

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“Joy was on Christ,

Love was on mas,

So let all of this found u anywhere u are this lovely season,

Merry x mas and happy new year.”

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Bhaidooj, Bhaidooj Wishes, Bhaidooj sms, Bhaidooj Message, Bhaidooj 2018, Bhaidooj Quotes

 HAPPY BHAIDOOJ

 भैया दूज भारत का एक सबसे प्रमुख और महान त्योहार है जब बहने अपने प्रिय भाइयों के लिए लंबे समय तक जीवित और समृद्ध जीवन प्राप्त करने के लिए भगवान से प्रार्थना करती है। बहने इस दिन भाईओं की पूजा करती है और टिका लगाती है। इसके साथ-साथ बहने भाइयों से उपहार लेती हैं। इसे गोवा, महाराष्ट्र और कर्नाटक में भाई बीज, नेपाल में भाई टीका, बंगाल में भाउ-दीज, भाई फोटा और मणिपुर में निंगोल चकबा के रूप में मनाया जाता है। 

 

भाई दूज (Bhai Dooj)

हिन्दू पंचांग के अनुसार भाई दूज (Bhai Dooj) का त्यौहार, साल 2018 में 09 नवंबर को मनाया जाएगा।

 

ग्रेगोरियन कैलेंडर के अनुसार, यह कार्तिक के महीने (अक्टूबर और नवंबर के बीच) में शुक्ल पक्ष के दूसरे दिन आता है। सभी बहने सुबह बहुत जल्दी उठती हैं, पूजा करती हैं और अपने भाइयों के बेहतर भविष्य और स्वास्थ्य के लिए भगवान और देवी से प्रार्थना करती हैं। पूजा के अनुष्ठान के आयोजन के बाद उनके माथे पर टिका, दही और चावल डालकर टिके की रस्म को पूरा करती है। इस समारोह के बाद वे आरती करती हैं और खाने के लिए मिठाई देती हैं। अंत में उपहारों का आदान-प्रदान होता हैं और बड़ों के पैरों को छूकर आशीर्वाद लिया जाता हैं।

 

भाई दूज, भाई- बहन के अटूट प्रेम और स्नेह का प्रतीक माना जाता है, जिसे यम द्वितीया या भैया दूज (Bhaiya Dooj) भी कहते हैं। यह हिन्दू धर्म के प्रमुख त्यौहारों में से एक है, जिसे कार्तिक माह की शुक्ल द्वितीया को मनाया जाता है।  

 

भाई दूज देश के बाहर भी मनाया जाता है। यह भाइयों और बहनों के बीच प्यार के बंधन को बढ़ाने के लिए रक्षा बंधन त्योहार की तरह है। इस शुभ दिन की बहनें अपने विशेष भाइयों की भलाई और कल्याण के लिए भगवान से प्रार्थना करती हैं, जबकि भाई अपनी बहनों के प्रति प्रेम दिखाने और उनकी देखभाल करने के लिए अपनी ताकत के अनुसार उपहार पेश करते हैं।

 

भाई दूज मुहूर्त (Bhai Dooj Muhurat)

साल 2018 में भाई दूज के दिन तिलक लगाने का शुभ समय दिन में 01 बजकर 09 मिनट से लेकर 03 बजकर 17 मिनट तक का है। 

 

भाई दूज पूजा विधि (Bhai Dooj Puja Vidhi)

भाई दूज के दिन बहनों को भाई के माथे पर टीका लगा उसकी लंबी उम्र की कामना करनी चाहिए। इस दिन सुबह पहले स्नान करके विष्णु और गणेश जी की पूजा करनी चाहिए। इसके उपरांत भाई को तिलक लगाना चाहिए। 

स्कंदपुराण के अनुसार इस दिन पूजा की विधि (Bhai Dooj Puja Vidhi) कुछ इस तरह है। इस दिन भाई को बहन के घर जाकर भोजन करना चाहिए। अगर बहन की शादी ना हुई हो तो उसके हाथों का बना भोजन करना चाहिए। अपनी सगी बहन न होने पर चाचा, भाई, मामा आदि की पुत्री अथवा पिता की बहन के घर जाकर भोजन करना चाहिए। साथ ही भोजन करने के पश्चात बहन को गहने, वस्त्र आदि उपहार स्वरूप देना चाहिए। इस दिन यमुनाजी में स्नान का विशेष महत्व है। 

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Dhanteras 2019, Dhanteras Puja, Dhanteras sms, Dhanteras, Message, Dhanteras Wishes, Dhanteras muhrut 2019, Diwali muhurat time

Dhanteras 2019
 धनतेरस का पर्व 5 नवंबर को है. हर साल यह कार्त‍िक मास के कृष्‍णपक्ष की तेरस को मनाया जाता है. धनतेरस के द‍िन खरीदारी करना शुभ माना जाता है. खासतौर से इस द‍िन तांबे के बर्तन और सोने के गहनों या स‍िक्‍कों की खरीदारी शुभ मानी जाती है. ह‍िन्‍दू धर्म में इस पर्व का महत्‍व बहुत ज्‍यादा है. इस द‍िन मां लक्ष्‍मी की खास पूजा की जाती है. ऐसी मान्‍यता है क‍ि इस द‍िन मां लक्ष्‍मी अगर जातक के पूजन से प्रसन्‍न हो गईं तो एक वर्ष के ल‍िए उसके घर में न‍िवास करती हैं.

इसल‍िए मां लक्ष्‍मी को प्रसन्‍न करने के ल‍िए हर साल तेरस के द‍िन पूजा की जाती है और मां लक्ष्‍मी को अपने घर में रुकने की प्रार्थना की जाती है. कोई भी खास मौका दोस्‍तों के ब‍िना अधूरा है. ऐसे में आप इस द‍िन अपने दोस्‍तों और र‍िश्‍तेदारों को शुभकामनाएं भेजें और उनके घर भी मां लक्ष्‍मी का आगमन हो, ऐसी मंगलकामना करें.

घनर घनर बरसे जैसे घटा, वैसे ही हो धन की वर्षा; मंगलमय हो यह त्यौहार, भेंट में आये उपहार ही उपहार. Happy Dhanteras

धन की ज्योत का प्रकाश, पुलकित धरती, जगमग आकाश; आज ये प्रार्थना है, आप के लिए ख़ास, धनतेरस के शुभ दिन, पूरी हो हर आस. धनतेरस की शुभकामना.

धन धान्‍य का त्‍योहार, प्‍यार की हो बौछार,

मिठाइयों की हो बहार,

हर धनतेरस आपको मिले खुशियां हजार बार

धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाई

सोने का रथ, चांदी की पालकी, बैठकर जिसमें है लक्ष्मी मां है आईं; देने आपके परिवार को धनतेरस की बधाई.

धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाई.

  आपके घर में धन की बरसात हो

     लक्ष्मी का वास हो

    संकटों का नाश हो

   शान्ति का वास हो

     हैप्पी धनतेरस।

  सोने का रथ, चांदी की पालकी

  बैठकर जिसमें है लक्ष्मी मां है आयी

  देने आपके परिवार को धनतेरस की बधाई

      धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाई।

  आज से ही आपके यहां धन की बरसात हो

   मां लक्ष्मी का वास हो, संकटों का नाश हो

       उन्नति का सर पर ताज हो

   और घर में शांति का वास हो

       शुभ धनतेरस।

 लक्ष्मी माता का नूर आप पर बरसे

   हर कोई आपसे लोन लेने को तरसे

    भगवान आपको दे इतना धन

     की आप चिल्लर को तरसे

    धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाई।

लक्ष्मी जी कृपा आप पर और आपके समस्त परिवार पर बनी रहे

धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाइयां

दिनों दिन बढ़ता जाए आपका कारोबार परिवार में बना रहे स्नेह और प्यार होती रहे सदा आप पर धन की बौछार ऐसा हो आपका धनतेरस का त्यौहार

धनतेरस की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं

दीप जले तो रोशन आपका जहान हो, पूरा आपका हर एक अरमान हो,

मांं लक्ष्मी जी की कृपा बनी रहे आप पर, इस धनतेरस पर आप बहुत धनवान हों

लक्ष्मी देवी का नूर आप पर बरसे. हर कोई आपसे मिलने को तरसे. भगवान आपको दे इतने पैसे. कि आप चिल्लर पाने को तरसें. शुभ धनतेरस

 घनर घनर बरसे जैसे घटा

    वैसे ही हो धन की वर्षा

   मंगलमय हो यह त्यौहार

   भेंट में आये उपहार ही उपहार

  धनतेरस की हार्दिक बधाई।

   दीप जले तो रोशन आपका जहान हो

    पूरा आपका हर एक अरमान हो

  मां लक्ष्मी जी की कृपा बनी रहे आप पर

   इस धनतेरस पर आप बहुत धनवान हो

          शुभ धनतेरस।

   दीपक की रोशनी, मिठाइयों की मिठास

   पटाखों की बौछार, धन धान की बरसात

      हर पल हर दिन आपके लिए लाए

           धनतेरस का त्योहार।

   धन की बरसात हो,

    खुशियों का आगाज हो,

  आपको जीवन का हर सुख प्राप्त हो

 माता लक्ष्मी का आपके घर वास हो

  धनतेरस की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं।

Aaj se hi aapke yahan dhan ki barsaat ho, Maa Lakshmi ka vaas ho, Sankaton ka naash ho, Maa Lakshmi ki kripa bani rhe aap par, Ghar me shaanti samridhi ka vaas ho. Shubh Dhanteras

Dhanteras ka ye pyara tyohar, Jeevan me laye khushiya aprampaar, MATA LAXMI viraje aapke dwaar, Sabhi kamna aapki kare sweekar.

Dhanteras ki Haardik Shubhkaamna

Deep Jale to Roshan aapka Jahan ho, Poora Aapka har ek Arman ho.. Maa Lakshmi ji ki Kripa bani rahe aap par, Is dhanteras par aap bahut dhanwan ho Happy Dhanteras 2018

May this Dhanteras Celebrations

endow you with opulence and prosperity…

Happiness comes at your steps

Wishing a bright future in your life

Shubh Dhanteras.

 Apka karobar, Dinodin badhta jaye

sneh aur pyar, pariwar me bana

hoti rahe sada aap par dhanki bochar,

aisa ho apka DHANTERAS ka tyohar.

HAPPY DHANTERAS!

May goddess give you these 10 things in life

D=Dhan

H=Health

A=Anand

N=Nature

T=Talent

E=Enjoyment

R=Romance

A=Aitbar

S=Saubhagya

H=Honesty

May goddess Laxmi bless your business

to do well in spite of all odds like,

the enduring charms of gold and diamonds…

Happy and Prosperous Dhanteras

God’s blessings may come as a surprise

And how much you receive depends on how much your heart can believe may

May you be blessed beyond what you expect

Subh Dhanteras.

 दीप जले तो रोशन आपका जहाँ हो,

   पूरा आपका हर एक अरमान हो,

  मां लक्ष्मी जी की कृपा बनी रहे आप पर,

  इस धनतेरस पर आप बहुत धनवान हो,

           हैपी धनतेरस।

  धनतेरस का ये प्यारा त्योहार,

  आपके जीवन में लाये खुशियां अप्पर,

  माता लक्ष्मी विराजे आपके द्वार,

  सभी कामना आपकी करें स्वीकार।

Dear Goddess Lakshmi

Bless the recipient of this message

with thirteen times Dhan

on this Dhan Teras

Happy Dhanteras!

* Iss Dhanteras kush kash ho,

Dilo mein khusiyan,

Ghar mein sukh ka vaas ho,

Har moti pe aapka taj ho

Mite duriya, sab aapke pas ho

Yeh Dhanteras aapka khas ho!

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